Macbeth Quotes

Violence Quotes Lady Macbeth Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! make thick my blood; Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between The effect and it! Come to my woman's breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, (1. 5. 46-54) Macduff I shall do so, But I must also feel it as a man. I cannot but remember such things were That were most precious to me. 4. 3. 261-264) Macbeth From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. And even now, To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done! The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o' the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. (4. 1. 168-176) Ambition Quotes Macbeth My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single s tate of man that function Is smother'd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. (1. 3. 60-163) Lady Macbeth Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be What thou art promised: yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it: (1. 5. 15-20) Banquo My noble partner You greet with present grace and great prediction Of noble having and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal. To me you speak not. If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not,Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear Your favors nor your hate. (1. 3. 61-68) Guilt Quotes Lady Macbeth Naught's had, all's spent, Where our desire is got without content. ‘Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. (3. 2. 6-9) Macbeth Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand wi ll rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. (2. 2. 81-84) Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (2. 2. 96) Macbeth Quotes Violence Quotes Lady Macbeth Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty! make thick my blood; Stop up the access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between The effect and it! Come to my woman's breasts, And take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers, (1. 5. 46-54) Macduff I shall do so, But I must also feel it as a man. I cannot but remember such things were That were most precious to me. 4. 3. 261-264) Macbeth From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. And even now, To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done! The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o' the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line. (4. 1. 168-176) Ambition Quotes Macbeth My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, Shakes so my single s tate of man that function Is smother'd in surmise, and nothing is But what is not. (1. 3. 60-163) Lady Macbeth Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be What thou art promised: yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it: (1. 5. 15-20) Banquo My noble partner You greet with present grace and great prediction Of noble having and of royal hope, That he seems rapt withal. To me you speak not. If you can look into the seeds of time, And say which grain will grow and which will not,Speak then to me, who neither beg nor fear Your favors nor your hate. (1. 3. 61-68) Guilt Quotes Lady Macbeth Naught's had, all's spent, Where our desire is got without content. ‘Tis safer to be that which we destroy Than by destruction dwell in doubtful joy. (3. 2. 6-9) Macbeth Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No. This my hand wi ll rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red. (2. 2. 81-84) Wake Duncan with thy knocking! I would thou couldst! (2. 2. 96)

Element of Law

Malaysian parliament system is derived from the Westminster System which that is the parliamentary system of government that has been adopted in the United Kingdom (U. K. ) as well as many parts of the Britain Empire. Westminster System consist few characteristics. In U. K. , the three organs of the English legal system, which is name as the Legislature, the Executive, and the Judiciary is lead by the sovereign, or the monarch and it also known as a constitutional monarchy. Her Majesty the Queen is the representative of the people and the Head of the State in the same time although the powers of the sovereign have been diluted by the effect of the Bill of Right 1689. Yet, the throne still passes on from generation by generation in the Royal Family by succession. Besides, the supreme power of authority in the Westminster System is hold by the head of state. The head of state can impose and collecting taxes, applying laws and forming treaties in commerce with foreign countries. Read Essay In Westminster Abbey Analysis In an election, the leader of the winning party will directly become the Prime Minister of that country and also the wide power wielded by the head of state or the Prime Minister which is become a characteristics of this system. The Prime Minister also can hold the mandate of the people. The Executive branch will form by the remaining party members and known as the Government for the country. Examples of Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak has been appointed as the Sixth Prime Minister in Malaysia since 3rd April 2009, and his leading party National Front are form the Executive branch of Malaysia. The party is obtains the second highest number of votes in the elections are known as the opposition party. This party is function to forming an effective check-and balance mechanism to achieve transparency in the Legislature for the benefit and to prevent abuse of power. Furthermore, they also can compel the resignation of the government when existing government are meet with the motion of no confidence. The Westminster System also characterized by its bicameral system in the Legislature or Parliament, which is means it is consists two Houses- the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords is constituted by legal experts in the country such as lawyers and academicians for the usage of draft legislation which is to be implemented in the country whereas the House of Commons is formed by the people who are winning in the election of the country. The new law will be process in these two houses. Moreover, Parliamentary privilege is also a special characteristic in the Westminster System, where members of parliament are given the opportunity to speak and debate freely about the matters in the country in ordinary parliamentary proceedings. Members may not arrest and not legal action will be taken against any statements in Parliament under the Act of Parliamentary Privilege 1987. Hansard is for use to record the parliamentary debates and it is an invaluable source of information. Government Process Malaysia was independent since 1957. Our Malaysia’s government system has furnished institutional ballast and stability to a country. As we known, Malaysia government system and process are mostly like as British ‘Westminster’ and ‘Whitehall’ models. The valid functioning of the Malaysian government system is attributable to the monarchy, and nevertheless to the three main branches of government which is the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The doctrine of the separation of these three ‘powers’ is guaranteed by the Federal Constitution. The interplay of every branches of government is testimony to an orderly political process in which the government’s writ is large and regarded as indispensable. Certainly, Malaysia has an authoritative and working government system once the role of police, civil service, and armed forces are taken into account. Undeniably, Malaysia is a country of constitution monarchy. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong or Paramount Ruler is an elective position which signifies national unity and stand for the Malay underpinning of a multi-racial nation. At the federal level, House of Representatives are form by the representation of the people and supported by the Senate. However, in the Malaysian context it is the apportionment of executive responsibility to Minister in the Cabinet that in practice forms the core of the political system whereas the judiciary represent the third pillar of the government system. The head of the executive of government is the Prime minister. The prime minister of Malaysia is the embodiment of elective political power and of the ambition of the body politic. The Prime Minister is the important role for the nation’s political, social fabric and economic of that country. Example of first Prime Minister in Malaysia- Tunku Abdul Rahman, he is the first and only Chief Minister of Federation of Malaya from 1955 to scramble the Independence of Malaya and Malaysia was successful to independence in 1957. Besides, he and his successors have had their own personality and ideas to stamped on the various phases of the country’s development. Political Process In the political process, election of the nation and state levels are to decide the government mandate that contributed to Malaysia’s overall political development. Elections also decide the representation in Parliament, and those parties are won the majority seats in Parliament to forms the government for the five years and that can help to peaceful political change within all political parties. Besides, the manner in which political parties have flourished is conspicuous feature of the Malaysian political process. This is important to the spirit of democratic governance and helps some post-colonial countries to achieve independence and reduced the military dictatorship or single party with supreme power. There are three factors caused the party system need to endured. First, in the past of roots of the colonial, where liberal-democratic ideas were injected into society. Second, the communist threats to the Alliance government following Malaya’s Independence strengthen the domination coalition’s undertaking to democracy. The last is a party system allowed for pluralism in a multi-racial society in order to all races to be one of represented in government. It has been the ability to coalesce competing ethnic demands by mediation between political parties that show Malaysia’s political process was success. In the success, the power-sharing formula forged through the Barisan Nasional to guide the Alliance to won in the eleven general elections since 1957. In the BN, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) was the party that lead to seek for independence but it has share power with the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), the Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Parti Bersatu Sabah, the Sarawak United People’s Party and other BN components parties that has gather the power or ability to win in election to control the Parliament and the various convocation. As we seen, political tensions in Malaysia become serious now. There are many action taken by someone and political party. First, our Malaysian 13th general elections should be take place by March 2013 but our Prime Minister delayed until 03 April 2013 only announced the dissolution of Parliament and general election held on 05 Mei 2013. Many opposition party parliamentary have complain about this issue but they have not right to control the Prime Minister to decide when to dissolve the Parliament even the Judiciary hard to intervene. Besides, the sodomy case of the leader of opposition party, Anwar Ibrahim, has cast a shadow over the whole political process even the case was thrown out of court on 9 January 2012, but not more than 10 days the attorney general had lodged an appeal on this case. Because of this, the political tensions escalate again and the efforts of Prime Minister to reforms have been slander. The range of reforms included the repeal Internal Security Act that allowed for detention without trial has been negates due to the decision to appeal. The decision to appeal against Anwar case allowed the Malaysian and most international observers consider as a politically motivated. If the government had not appealed Anwar’s acquittal, opposition has more power to beat the BN government due to most worrying issues today such as economy, inequality, crime inflation, immigrant workers and corruption. But this all are stop by the existing government and hard to appeal in the court. Opposition party have claim out electoral reforms request. But most of the term in the list of electoral reforms have rejected by the BN government and only one term are adopted in the 13th general election but it has failed and costly to adopted this term. This matter has made the many Malaysian very angry and disappointed on it. This all things are control by the BN government and not one can intervene in this issue and also hard move this issue into court. On my opinion, I think that the separation of power is not functional in Malaysia. This is because all the things are control by the government and Prime Minister even the judge are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong but is advised by Prime Minister that show the Prime Minister has supreme power to decide anything and we have not power or little power to refute it.

Discuss the Significance of Binary Oppositions Essay

A Discussion of the Significance of Binary Oppositions in Hemingway’s â€Å"Cat in the Rain† Introduction â€Å"Cat in the Rain† is a short story by American author Ernest Hemingway, which was first published in 1925 as a part of the short story collection In Our Time. The story is about an American man and wife on vacation in Italy. In the biography Hemingway’s Cats, the author writes: â€Å"[â€Å"Cat in the Rain†] was a tribute to Hadley (Hemingway’s wife), who was dealing with the first year of marriage, the loneliness it entailed, and her deep desire for motherhood. According to biographer Gioia Diliberto†¦ Hemingway based the story on an incident that happened in Rapallo in 1923. Hadley was two months pregnant when she found a kitten that had been hiding under a table in the rain. ‘l want a cat,’ she [told Hemingway], ‘l want a cat. I want a cat now. If I cant have hair or any fun I can have a cat. † David Lodge’s analysis of Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Cat in the Rain† shows that this is a symmetrical story consisting of several binary oppositions such as husband and wife, manager and wife, maid and wife, husband and maid, etc. According to Cuddon Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, â€Å"the term ‘binary denotes ‘composed of two’, twofold’; as in a binary star, ‘one of a pair of stars held together by gravitation’. Language, too, has countless binary oppositions: up/down; slow/fast; sense/nonsense; truth/falsehood; black/white; man/woman – and so on. † â€Å"Binary opposition originated in Saussurean structuralist theory. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, the binary opposition is the means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined in reciprocal determination with another term, as in binary code. It is not a contradictory relation but, a structural, complementary one. â€Å"l In this essay, binary oppositions are discussed and analyzed under five categories: gender, symbol, characterization, action, and local color. (1 . Fogarty, S, 2005, The Literary Encyclopedia) Gender In this story, we can consider men and women as binary oppositions, especially by differentiating between George and his wife who are an American couple. As we can see in the story, in comparison to George, the wife is a weaker person; she’s always new clothes) and she’s not satisfied with the things she has. But in contrast, we see George lying down on the bed all the time, making himself busy with reading. George is indifferent to her wife’s being sad, and instead of consoling her, understanding her or trying to find a solution for her problems, he Just continues lying down on the bed indifferently and going on reading and even when she’s talking more about what makes her sad and what she wants, George insults her by telling her â€Å"Oh, shut up and get something to read†. The wife is a disturbed lonely woman that even her husband can’t understand and help her. As a result when she receives respect, polite ehavior and understanding from the hotel keeper, it’s strange for her (and maybe new!!! Because her husband has never treated her like this) and she starts to like the hotel keeper. But as we all know, respecting the guests, understanding them and treating them politely is an inseparable part of being a hotel keeper if one wants to be a successful one. Symbol There are two kinds of symbols in the story; natural ones and artistic or cultural ones. The most important natural symbol is the cat. As we can see in the story, the wife is not satisfied with her life and with her appearance. She’s sad about having short hair and looking like a boy. She doesn’t have anything in her life which can make her happy and give her an identity. So she tries to find something else on which she can hang. So we can imply that by helping the cat, she wants to think she’s important and she’s done something useful, so in this way she can feel good about herself. In another way, we can say that the cat is the symbol of fertility which is in contrast with the short hair that is the symbol of infertility. Maybe the wife is sterile, so by looking after a cat, she wants to satisfy her maternal emotions. Another natural symbol can be good weather which is in contrast with bad/rainy weather. Good weather is the symbol of serenity and shows that there’s nothing wrong, but bad weather is the symbol of a bad situation when something is wrong. Rainy weather shows that the couple’s marital life is not in a good condition; they have a cold relationship with each other. The war monument is a cultural symbol in this story. The tourists, including the American couple, traveled a long way there to see the war monument, but we see here, the American couple doesn’t care about the monument at all; George is always ying down on bed reading, and the wife is always thinking about what she doesn’t have in life. It’s ironical that they came this long way to see the war monument, but it is the only thing they don’t care about. Inside/outside can be a binary opposition. George always wants to stay inside and never wants to leave the room. Inside can be a symbol of passivity. George is a passive character. But instead, the wife wants to go outside all the time; she wants to discover the unknown; she’s curious about the world outside, so we can say she’s an Characterization We can differentiate between the maid and the wife. The wife is apparently a caring person who even cares about lonely cats, but the maid, as we can see in the part in which she’s surprised by the fact that the wife is actually looking for a cat and she even laughs about it, is not so caring; she doesn’t think that a cat can be so important that a person goes after it in the rain. She may not even really care about the wife, because in the part she goes after the wife to take her an umbrella, it is mentioned in the story that â€Å"Of course the hotel keeper had sent her†. Or at the end, when the aid brings the wife a cat, she says, â€Å"the padrone asked me to bring this for the Signora†. So we can conclude that she’s doing all this Just because of her Job tells her to do them. We can also differentiate between George and the hotel keeper. The hotel keeper is a responsible and active person. He’s so alert about his guests and their needs and wishes. Whenever he sees the wife, he stands up and bows to her as a sign of respect. He sends the maid to take an umbrella for the wife, although it’s not his Job to do that. At the end of the story, he sends the maid to take a cat for the wife; e could not do that, because it is not his responsibility to find a cat for her, but he did, because he cares about the wife. But in contrast, we see that the wife’s own husband doesn’t care about her; he’s a passive and negligent person. He’s not doing anything more than reading and he doesn’t do anything for her wife to relieve her. Action George is lying down reading all the time, but the wife is always moving from one place to the other (from the hotel room to the street and from there back to the hotel room, and even in the room, she goes to the dresser to see herself in the hand irror) and talking all the time (she talks to her husband, to the maid, to the hotel keeper). George is a passive character who doesn’t do anything special in the story, but in contrast the wife is so active; she’s always talking and going from somewhere to the other. She wants to do something all the time; (sometimes it is talking to other people, sometimes it is going out to find a cat) because she’s not satisfied with her life, with her appearance and with the things she has. She wants to be different, to have different things; she wants to own something so she could feel important, atisfied and useful. Maybe she’s fghting in a patriarchal society to prove her femininity. Local Color There’s a binary opposition here between Italian and English language and between Italian and American culture. The couple is American and they speak English, but the maid and the hotel keeper are Italians and they speak Italian most of the time; they can speak English, too. The American couple can speak a little Italian and sometimes respect each other’s language by speaking Italian sometime and speaking English at the other time. George is an American man who’s negligent of his wife and the hotel eeper is an Italian man who respects women and cares about them to a great extent. As we can see in the story, many Italians came there to see the war monument, but the American couple doesn’t care about it at all. Conclusion All the categories of binary oppositions which discussed here are deeply interrelated and directly or indirectly are aimed to magnify the man/woman binary opposition. So it can be concluded that the thematic core of the story is the opposition between man and woman and what Hemingway is trying to do is showing a couple’s problems in their married life by making use of some binary oppositions.

Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Diabetes - Research Paper Example Based on the level of insulin secreted, diabetes is classified under three types: 1. Type 1 diabetes, which is present from childhood, in which the body secretes little or no insulin. This is also referred to as insulin dependent diabetes and genetics, viruses or autoimmune problems with the islet cells have been proposed as major causes for this type of diabetes. 2. The type 2 diabetes is a more common form of the disease which manifests only in adulthood when the islet cells begin to secrete less amounts of insulin or the body does not respond well to the secreted insulin. Increasing lifestyle changes such as lack of body exercise and food habits have been considered to be the major causative factors along with a genetic predisposition to the disease. 3. The third and an increasing occurring type is gestational diabetes wherein the mother develops the type 2 form of the disease during pregnancy which increases the risk for both the mother and the developing infant. (Diabetes, 2010) Genetic factors In the case of type 1 diabetes, which is present from childhood, studies have shown that more than 20 regions of the genome might be responsible for genetic susceptibility to the disease. Increased risk to the disease has been found to be associated with the genes present in the HLA region of chromosome 6 which includes HLA-DR, DQ, and DP. The various haplotypes of these genes are associated with increased risk for the disease in various populations and the presence of two such haplotypes together further compounds the risk for the disease. In addition, the presence of variants of the INS (insulin) gene located in chromosome 11, also predisposes the individual for the disease. Another gene that have been associated with the disease include variants of the CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated 4) gene which is located on chromosome 2. The genes associated with type 2 diabetes are those which are involved in pancreatic beta-cell function, insulin action, metabolis m of glucose and other conditions such as lipid metabolism and energy uptake and release. Some of the candidate genes for the disease include PPAR?, ABCC8, KCNJ11, and CALPN10. In the case of maturity-onset diabetes of the young, which is the type 2 form of the disease that occurs before 25 years of age, is linked to mutations that occur in at least 6 genes which are associates with beta cell function as all the genes are expressed within the islet cells of the pancreas (Genetics and Diabetes, n.d). Psychological aspects of the disease The initial response of the individual to the disease is associated with shock and anger as it is a lifelong condition and demands a lot of restrictions and a strict life style for controlling the disease. Beginning with food restrictions and following a routine of walking and exercise, the condition also requires continuous follow-ups and is also interlinked with various other illnesses. The long term nature of the disease has also been linked to dev elopment of anxiety and depression which in turn depend on their ability to cope with the limitations imposed by the disease. Such individuals also often feel isolated and dependent on people for their daily activities, which would be more obvious in case of children (Chandra, 1997). Medical and psychological interventions The presence of diabetes needs to be confirmed through proper diagnostic and screening procedures. Diagnostic tests are taken

How could you use a baptismal candle with year 1 in a RE lesson Essay

How could you use a baptismal candle with year 1 in a RE lesson - Essay Example This is symbolic of the truth of the Word of God as it provides a light and a lamp to guide the path of the believer. Darkness is symbolic of ignorance and death. The lit candle can illuminate for the believer the path of life. (Thurston, 1908) Let the student brainstorm other symbolic function of candle in the Christian faith. Candles can be symbolic of love. The warmth they generate can be felt during a marriage ceremony. The bride and groom often light a candle at this time to symbolize their love. Their closeness, just like the flame, can produce both warmth and pain. Let the student think further by letting them discuss the origin of light and its symbolic effect on our life. Jesus himself claimed to be the "Light of the World" (John 8:12). The candle can symbolize Jesus Christ, as the believer carries the light of Christ with him or her. The candle itself burns away, as does the material body, but the fire represents the eternal truth of those who believe. The flame of the candle is symbolic of faith itself. If not guarded, the flame may be extinguished. The believer must protect the flame of faith as she or he does the flame of the candle against the winds of lifes experiences. (Sheehy, 2002:47-59) Sheehy, Kieron (2002). The Effective Use of Symbols in Teaching Word Recognition to Children with Severe Learning Difficulties: a comparison of word alone, integrated picture cueing and the handle technique. International Journal of Disability, Development & Education, 49(1), pp.

Obstetric Hemorrhage Project Report Research Paper

Obstetric Hemorrhage Project Report - Research Paper Example Absolute care is therefore necessary for pregnant mothers during delivery to ensure that in the case of such emergencies appropriate attendance can be given (Flamm, 2003). In the US alone, this occurrence has contributed to several deaths with the Department of Health in Illinois raising alarm over the increased deaths in the related areas. It has therefore been an issue of national interest and should be looked into with much care to reduce the preventable morbidity experienced in the areas. Preventive measure of this condition is thus important in relation to the loss of lives experienced in the hospitals during births. In this regard, a practicum and a simulation was done in this relation to give an account of what is the problem is, this was done in the hospital environment and a report given ultimately (Derrick, 2012). Because of the increased deaths associated with postpartum hemorrhage, this simulation was aimed at identifying areas that needed reinforcement so that it can be ascertained that the hospital system for the care is up to standard. The cause of death has remained speculative and as a rule, there are prerequisites that must be present in the hospital environment to facilitate such cases in the hospital (Davidson, 2009). This simulation was aimed at gauging the preparedness of the hospital in dealing with such emergency cases in the hospital. In most cases, inadequate preparations to some of the emergencies in the hospital environment is also a contributing factor to occurrence of deaths, the simulation program was thus intended to give all round account of the contributing factors in this situation (Arulkumaran, 2012). Several causative agents can lead to the condition occurring in mothers at delivery period. Some of the much known cause of the condition are; the retention of the placenta in the womb of the mother during after birth, trauma, uterine atony, and coagulopathy, this is commonly known as the four Ts (Lynch, 2006). The

Real Estate and Recession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Real Estate and Recession - Research Paper Example This is what happened in United States before the global financial crisis. The values of houses touched the peaks during the year 2006 which begin to rapidly decline during 2006-2007. Now let us discuss some of the causes which led to the burst of housing bubble. The housing tax policy as discussed in taxpayer relief act of 1997 encouraged people to invest in housing rather than stocks and other types of investments. There were not enough regulations in place to have a proper check and balance on such housing investments. The use of mandated loans is considered another cause of the burst of housing bubble. Then the federal bank also lowered interest rates while the rise of houses was not uniform in all regions of United States. The Americans used to believe that investing in houses is a secured investment and they even preferred to become owners of their houses. There were many marketing campaigns being run to encourage people to invest in real estate. This encourages more and more p eople to invest. However, the high values of houses were later followed by decline in prices which busted the bubble. The housing bubble affected the U.S economy in various ways. Millions of new houses were built and sold. The share prices and revenues of big construction companies reached to the peak and made millions as a result. There was a large increase in mortgage equity withdrawals which usually include loans for home equity and cash out refinancing. The housing bubble led to the recession in United States which was the worst after great depression. Many Americans were forced to migrate from the expensive metropolitan areas due to price variation in different regions on United States. The subprime mortgage crisis was one of the most important reasons which led to the global financial crisis. This was due to the result of delinquencies and foreclosures in subprime mortgages. Then it was followed by the decline in value of these securities backed by the underlying mortgages. Th e financial crisis and recession has not ended yet. Financial experts believe that the slow growth will continue till the end of year 2012. The entire world in interconnected and the United States is bound to suffer due to the events and happenings across different countries. Since the start of financial crisis, the federal government has been taken serious effects to avoid this in future. However, there are few things which need to be emphasized. There must be some lender of the last resort such as International Monetary Fund (IMF) who can come for help whenever needed. Unfortunately, IMF doesn’t have this job role or enough resources to handle such situations. This needs to be raised during the coming IMF meetings. Then there is need of regulations which can protect the organizations from taking excessive risk. The leverage ratios can also be put in some limit in order to estimate the damage by the shock. The federal bank should put special efforts to control the growing po wers of big firms which can even negatively affect the situation. The firms and even government institutions should pay special consideration while extending credit to borrowers. The credit history of prospective buyers needs to be checked before giving them loans. In order to avoid mortgage crisis, Federal Deposition Insurance Corporation (FDIC) came out with loan work out model. This model was introduced with the

Comprehensive Question (Communication Theory) Essay

Comprehensive Question (Communication Theory) - Essay Example e present text looks at the accepted standards of a good theory such as validity, theological scope, franchise and heuristic value to value the symbolic interactionism theory. It also dwells on criticisms leveled against the theory. The theories contemporary application has been discussed in detail. The text also entails Em Griffin’s take on the communication theory and its relevance. He pays tribute to Herbart Mead who was a leading theorist. People act towards things based on the meanings they attach to those things. Different things have different meanings to different people. People derive meanings from social interactions and are modified through various interpretations. Social interaction is the process by which people act and react to other people in their environment. In this perspective, social interaction encompasses the actions of people towards others and the responses they get in return. Symbolic Interactionism theory meets most of the accepted standards of a good theory despite its criticisms. Em Griffin posited that most communication theorists used Mead’s intellectual guidelines to develop their theories (Griffin, 2011). George Herbert Mead was a pioneer in the development of the communication theory. Whereas the Symbolic Interactionism theory face criticisms across time and place, it is critical to evaluate it based on standards and show its applications in the contemporary world. Symbolic Interactionism studies how people interact with each other owing to their adaptive social behavior. In this perspective, social structures are best understood in relation to basic level of individual interactions. Charles Horton Cooley in collaboration with George Herbert Mead came up with the theory (Turner, 2006). According to this theory, the meaning and worth of objects, occurrences and behaviors come from people’s interpretations, which vary from one group to another. Cooley argues that people adapt the way they think about themselves based on how

The History of Literacy instruction in Spanish and in English Essay

The History of Literacy instruction in Spanish and in English - Essay Example At least one scholar, who is listed in the article, began to take on traditional concepts that had existed up until that time. In 1999, Goodman’s classic What’s Whole in Whole Language was written on the topic and, once translated into Spanish and Venezuela, came widely distributed among the region. The book was so popular that it was translated into English six years later. In the 1980s publications about literacy in Spanish began to reflect an understanding of the psycholinguistic view. As early as 1984, Dubois began questioning traditional, word-based approaches of teaching reading in favor of taking a psycholinguistic view. In 1989, Goodman’s classic What’s Whole in Whole Language was translated into Spanish in Venezuela and widely distributed throughout Latin America. The demand for the book was so great that it generated a newer translation into Spanish only six years later. When one scholar affiliated with the author moved to Mexico, the materials in the local schools were changed thanks to ideas and those of other constructivist educators. In fact, the first grade primer of the series tells one in the article that, â€Å"showed the drastic difference this text represented from the former government-approached text, Mi Libro Magido (My Magic Book), with its practice sheets that required students to repeat syllabus and practice penmanship. In the 1990’s the government started to take better control in controlling educational methods. According to the case study the practice of phonics is more likely to be constructive when students are taught the different sounds of words and then are taught be blend them together. Other, more traditional approaches take longer and a lot of people are opposed to change, but administrators, scholars, and teachers really believe they have something here being able to teach the same thing easier and in a shorter period of time. This is the mark of phonics

James Spencer Essay Example for Free

James Spencer Essay Introduction The conditions for the poor were terrible at the time when Charles dickens wrote the novel a Christmas carol to express his concern about the conditions for these people. At first Charles was going to show his concern by writing a serious pamphlet explaining the conditions people were living in but after much thought he decided a book would be better because he was a famous author. Charles believed this would help by alerting people of the lives the people were living so they would donate to charity at Christmas a time of giving. Paragraph 1 In stave one of the book we are introduced to Scrooge and Jacob Marley. In the first stave scrooge is described as and evil man and also you can tell this from the things he says Every idiot who goes around with Merry Christmas on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding and buried with a stake of holy through his heart. He replied to his nephew after he invited him to Christmas dinner this shows he dose not like Christmas and also he is very rude and is not afraid of sharing his point of view with others. Scrooge is rude to all the people who try to be nice to him in this first chapter from the men who asked for a donation for charity to his employee who asked for Christmas day off to whom he only just excepted say he needs to be in the earlier the next day. When scrooge goes home he sees the ghost of his ex-partner Jacob Marley who tells him he will have to mend his ways or he may end up with a similar fate. Paragraph 2 In stave two Scrooge is visited by the first of the three ghosts of Christmas the ghost of Christmas past. This chapter gives us a lot of important information on scrooge such as his time at school his work for Mr. Feziwig and his relationship that ended when he became obsessed with money I have seen you nobler aspirations fall off one by one until the master-passion, gain, engrosses you. Scrooges fianci e told him when she didnt want to see him anymore because he had changed at the begging of this chapter he is show as a hard working boy in school that didnt really have any friends but had a grate love for his sister. The chapter also tells us about the time he worked for Mr. Feziwig and how he used to have a good time and how he was bad employer because he didnt treat his staff to a good time. Paragraph 3 In stave three Scrooge meets the second of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas present who shows him what over peoples Christmas are like this shows the appalling conditions the Cratchits lived in and how his nephew disrespects him and what he says about him his offences carry their own punishment, and I have nothing to say against his. Fred said after he called a toast to his uncle later on at the meal they all insult scrooge. In this chapter we learn of the great poverty of the Cratchits were they have to share glasses and of tiny Tims illness and how he will die if scrooge doesnt help him. Paragraph 4 In stave for scrooge meets the last of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas future. In this chapter of the book scrooge finds out he has died and he realizes that no one liked him and that his money was not any use to him when he was dead he frightened everyone away from him when he was alive to profit us when he was dead! Ha, ha ha! The pawn broker says as we realizes all of scrooges possessions have been sold when they can no longer be any use to him as he is dead. In this chapter he realizes that being a bad person isnt any good to him and thats its better to be remembered as a good person than a bad one because thats all you have when you die. Scrooge has now changed and wants to be a better person and we see what he dose in the last chapter Paragraph 5. In the last chapter in the book scrooge seems to be happier person he dose this by trying to be nice to other people and by doing good deeds he also apologizes to bob and says a merrier Christmas, bob, my good fellow, than I have given for many a year! Ill raise your salary; endeavor to assist your struggling family. Scrooge said to bob on Christmas day he also gives the Cratchits a turkey anonymously and goes to dinner with his nephew and family this shows that scrooge has changed a lot and also want to be a better person. Conclusion I believe that by the end of the story scrooge is a better person and the only reason he became a bad person was because of his own ignorance to what was going on around him. Charles Dickens is try to tell his rich audience of readers that money isnt every thing and you can have a good time without it but if you do have it you should be generous and try to help over people have a good time and by doing that you will have a good time your self.

The Art Of Modern Burlesque Drama Essay

The Art Of Modern Burlesque Drama Essay The meaning of burlesque has changed throughout its varied history; the earliest form of burlesque can be traced back to Chaucer and his story of Sir Thopas. This piece of writing had no rivals or predecessors at the time and the next form of burlesque was Shakespeare. The playwright John OKeefe is another early burlesque writer; his plays were light-hearted and mocked the upper classes, the operas and plays in a cheeky way. His plays were the foundation of the earliest burlesque shows in London. This form of burlesque is often confused with satire because of the use of humour however they are very different forms of entertainment. Satire is the schoolmaster attacking dishonesty with a whip, Burlesque is the rude boy attacking pomposity with a peashooter Unfortunately the original burlesque shows which were full of comedy and skits have died out; they were considered a very English form of entertainment as the English people were able to mock their upper classes without causing offence. In England burlesque continued to develop and with the introduction of the Music Halls in the 19th century the shows had a permanent home. It was when it went into the music halls that it changed format from a full length comedy play to a series of sketches. Unfortunately burlesque died out in England after the world wars. Simultaneously there was a form of burlesque evolving in America; the popularity dramatically increased in 1868 with the troupe the British Blondes. Their show included comedy sketches and parodies of plays performed by ladies in scanty costumes. By 1873 the parodies had disappeared and the show mainly comprised of dances and political satires. The modern image of burlesque started in the 1920s when the term became synonymous with the striptease. Carrie Finnell performed the first true striptease in 1917; she would take one garment off each night with the promise that she would take another item off in the next show. In this way she inspired the audience to come back to each show. In the 1920s the striptease became the main draw of the show with the variety acts and comedic performances that accompanied it seen as fillers. This view is still popular today. A major part of the modern burlesque show is the use of gimmicks, such as the giant props and over the top costumes; these gimmicks also have their roots in the burlesque shows of the 1920s. At that time there was a saying: Youve got to get a gimmick, if you want to get ahead The popularity of burlesque seems to be directly related with times of unrest and depression. Its popularity increased in the 1930s at the time of the depression, it rose again in the early millennium when the terrorism threat increased and it has become popular again with this latest recession. The main explanation for this is that in times of hardship people seek out cheap, sexy entertainment and burlesque fits this description. When burlesque returned to England it was in the form of the American variety shows with striptease. Historically the majority of burlesque performers are female; this is still the case although male performers are becoming more common. The modern female performers have a great respect for the performers of the past. Females become burlesque performers for a variety of reasons, for many women it is a way of expressing themselves in a way that they would never dream of doing in real life. Burlesque allows the performer to act out their own fantasies and embrace their sensuality. Many performers cite their desire to be a drag queen as the main reason for becoming involved in burlesque performance. When I started doing burlesque, I would tell people it was because I couldnt be a drag queen Many burlesque performances involve exaggerated femininity with the use of heavy make-up; false eyelashes and rhinestone covered costumes which are often associated with drag acts. The women who perform burlesque feel empowered on stage, they often feel like they are empowering the female audience by proudly displaying their body which doesnt necessarily conform to the medias idea of a desirable woman. Feeling sexy and powerful onstage and knowing that you are possibly Changing the way the world looks at you and others who look like you Is an incredibly rewarding by product of the burlesque experience Some female performers have negative experiences and there are some clubs which make the performer feel cheap and exploited by forcing them to expose more that they are comfortable with and to perform to please the male audiences. There are a lot of  ­burlesque clubs that are really oversexualized,  ­really horrible. And I think a lot of girls feel  ­pressured to strip. However these clubs are rare now but were more common in the early 1990s revival; unfortunately many people still hold this opinion of burlesque clubs. The comedy and variety sections of the show are overlooked by many people eager to criticise the whole movement. It is easy to assume that all burlesque performers are arrogant and natural exhibitionists; this is not the case for the majority of the performers and the amount of control they have over their acts gives them the confidence to perform. Like any woman, put me in the wrong light and its not good! I definitely have moments when I feel very hyper-aware of my body some of my stage positions could potentially be unflattering. So I do my own lighting. Being able to control the lighting of a show is a rare thing for a performer and unique to burlesque. The relationship between burlesque and feminism is a much discussed issue, the changing face of burlesque means some feminists are embracing it as a feminist movement and many performers feel they make a feminist statement when they perform. When looking into this it is important to understand the feminist point of view. To deny a womans sexuality is certainly to oppress her but to portray her as nothing but a sexual being is equally to oppress her This statement is undeniably true and some burlesque performers have felt exploited as sexual objects and nothing more; this is demonstrated in Laurie Pennys article in the Guardian. The feminist views on the burlesque striptease are very contradictory. Some feminists are completely against any form of sexual imagery or exhibitionism; Andrea Dworkin was outspoken in her views on sexual imagery. Women are reduced to sexually subordinate vile whores Many people consider the burlesque striptease as a form of subordination which only exists to entertain and fulfil the male fantasy. When arguing against this opinion it is important to acknowledge that the original performances did begin as a fulfilment of the male fantasy. When the burlesque girls began attracting male attention in the 1860s they were managed by men and therefore did not have much control over their acts. At that time the majority of the audience was male so the show was geared towards them. There is always going to be an aspect of the male fantasy in the performance because without it the whole movement would not have developed. The contrasting feminist opinion is that women are sexual beings and should be free to express their sexual desire and pleasures; there is a feminist movement which formed the Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce (FACT). This group has published essays that celebrate womens sexuality and have said: Yes, sexual abuse exists and, yes, some images do degrade, But this should not prevent women from being able to represent Their experience as sexual beings This statement is supportive of the burlesque performer as when they are performing they are expressing their sensuality. It is important to understand the difference between the burlesque striptease and stripping in strip clubs. Since they are both forms of stripping the boundaries are indistinct but there are definite differences. The strippers in a strip club will expose much more of their bodies and gyrate to please the audience; their performance changes and becomes more sexual with the tips they receive. A burlesque stripper has a routine, which has been rehearsed, and perfected, it does not alter with tips. A burlesque stripper will never take off all their clothes, their nipples and are never exposed and the performance is more about the tease and what the audience cannot see. A womans greatest asset is a mans imagination This quote was particularly true in the 1920s when many of the stripteases lasted fifteen minutes with the performer teasing the whole time. The acts are significantly shorter in the modern burlesque shows but the tease aspect has continued. Another important difference between strippers and burlesque performers is the costume. In burlesque the costumes are a huge attraction and add to the spectacle of the show. Many of the performers start in a corset; the attraction of the corset is that it emphasises the female form and adds to the exaggerated femininity of the performers. According to Michelle Baldwin a burlesque costume is designed to sparkle shine and flow in the spotlight they are therefore covered in beads, rhinestones and feathers. The more spectacular costumes will move and flow with the dancer so they are often made from a light fabric or covered in tassels. To add to the tease of the show the performers will wear several layers; the final layer consisting of decorated pasties and matching thong. In a strip club less emphasis is placed on the costume and more emphasis is placed on the condition of a dancers body and what men will find attractive. Its an unfortunate truth but the slimmer you are the more money you will make. You dont have to be fashion model skinny but you do have to be tight if you expect to make good money. I personally find that a combination of yoga and weight training is ideal for the kind of look that men like. The costumes in a strip club vary from club to club but a common costume is micro minis and Lycra. A major difference in the costumes of the burlesque performer and the stripper is that the majority of burlesque dancers customise and create their own costumes. They will buy a basic garment and attach the rhinestones and glitter themselves. The main reason for this is that a burlesque dancer will not make much money performing; they do it simply for the love of performing. The audiences of the new burlesque shows are different from the audiences of the early shows and strip shows s that it appeals to men and women. An important difference from earlier burlesque is that the audience is as likely to consist of women and gay men as the heterosexual men who comprised the traditional audience for such shows The new wave of burlesque epitomises the glamour of the past in a way that previous revivals didnt; this is one of the major attractions of the modern burlesque shows; the audience who attend many modern burlesque nights in clubs such as Volupte and The Pigalle Club are encouraged to dress up in vintage clothing. Another reason could be the amazing costumes and spectacle of the show as a whole. The female spectator also come to the show to see a woman who has the same body as them performing a striptease as it makes them feel better about themselves. It is so popular because the burlesque world embraces women off all shapes and sizes. Unfortunately there is a counterargument to this opinion; burlesques most famous face is Dita Von Teese. She has trained her waist to 16; visually she possesses every womanly attribute the media say is desirable; the small waist, porcelain skin and large breasts. She could be said to be consolidating the negative images constantly displayed to the publi c but in a different way to the emaciated models. However she is a strong public figure and her unique appearance encourages women to be individuals and express themselves to be happy. The increased number of female spectators could also be due to the messages behind the show; the performers bring current issues and politics into their shows and react on stage, one example of this is the show of the world famous *BOB*; in one of her shows she plays a voice over of every hurtful thing ever said to her and reacts to it in her performance. Images laced with humour are so much easier to ingest for a consuming public. The nature of the burlesque show means that the performers are able to express the issues they want to without worrying about what is appropriate. The question of whether burlesque can be feminist is complicated as there are so many different clubs that are managed in many different ways. It is difficult to ignore the feminist arguments about the negative objectification of women and some personal accounts do support them. Laurie Penny had a bad experience as a burlesque performer and was made to feel exploited and when Jacki Wilson was an audience member in a burlesque show she was left feeling vulnerable and unsettled. However there are a huge number of positive reactions when it comes to the performances. A lot of current performers believe they are feminist; they have this opinion because of the positive reaction from the female audience members; however a strong feminist would dispute this opinion citing that their objectification was negative. When fledgling performers are taught how to perform burlesque they are taught to enjoy their bodies and the spotlight and not how to please men. We were not taught to please men, we were taught to enjoy ourselves, to revel in our bodies, to enjoy our sexuality, the thrill of the tease and the sensation of being in the spotlight. This is a very significant quote as the thrill of the body and the tease is echoed by many performers. Another positive aspect of burlesque is that it doesnt discriminate against women who are curvy or short; the public are constantly bombarded with images of the size zero models, burlesque embraces all body types; the routines and lighting are all designed to make the performer feel comfortable in their own skin. This is a very important part of the movement as modern day women are made to feel inferior and ashamed of their bodies by exposure to the constant images of airbrushed, surgically enhanced models. Despite the passionate opinions of some feminists who believe burlesque to be a form of negative female objectification it is a mistake to view it in this way. Females are sexual beings should not be repressed or denied their freedom of expression; if they choose to express themselves by performing a striptease they should not be criticized. Burlesque performers are often wrongly associated with sex workers and prostitutes and there is a stigma attached to the name as a result of some of the seedy aspects of its past. Many critics of the movement have not witnessed a true burlesque performance and have a strong opinion that they are unwilling to change. A very clear example of this is seen in the interview conducted with Von Teese by Hannah Pool. Pool was very dismissive of burlesque stripping and would never set foot in a club as she felt the women who attended them let the side down. This is an incredibly narrow-minded and unacceptable argument; no one can criticize a movement so passionately without experiencing it first hand. Burlesque is growing in popularity; the glamour aspect of the movement is attracting a new audience who agree with the opinion that it is empowering. One of the major attractions is that the female audience members see a performer similar to themselves on stage. Unfortunately there are some clubs that are not respectful of their performers and make them feel exploited so there will always be people who oppose burlesque. However the true spirit of vintage burlesque is one that should not be opposed and should be enjoyed by men and women alike.

Project management principles

Project management principles Introduction of project management Project management is a planned and structured effort to achieve an objective or is the process of managing, allocating, and timing available resources to achieve the desired goal of a project in an efficient and expedient manner, for example, creating a new system or constructing a project. Project management is widely recognized as a practical way of ensuring that projects meet objectives and products are delivered on time, within budget and to correct quality specification, while at the same time controlling or maintaining the scope of the project at the correct level. Project management includes developing a project plan, which includes defining and confirming the project goals and objectives, identifying tasks and how goals will be achieved, quantifying the resources needed, and determining budgets and timelines for completion. It also includes managing the implementation of the project plan, along with operating regular controls to ensure that there is accurate and objective information on performance relative to the plan, and the mechanisms to implement recovery actions where necessary. Projects usually follow major phases or stages (with various titles for these), including feasibility, definition, project planning, implementation, evaluation and support/maintenance History Project management has been practiced since the early civilization. Until 1900 civil engineering projects were generally managed by creative architects and engineers by their selves, among those for example Christopher Wren (1632-1723) , Thomas Telford (1757-1834) and Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859) It has been since the 1950s, that organizations started applying systemic project management tools and techniques to complex projects. Henry Gantt (1861-1919), the father of planning and control techniques. As a discipline, Project Management developed from diverse fields of application including construction, engineering and defense. In the United States, the two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famously acknowledged for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the 5 management functions, which form the basis for the body of knowledge related with project and program management. Both Gantt and Fayol were known as being students of Frederick Winslow Taylors theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation. Principles of project management The Success Principle The main goal of project management is to create a successful product. Without making a successful product there is no good point in incurring the project Management overhead cost. opposing to conventional wisdom, there have been many Projects that have been â€Å"On time and within budget† but the product has not been successful, and similarly many that have not been â€Å"On time and within budget† yet the product has been very successful. The Commitment Principle A mutually acceptable assurance between a project sponsor and a project team must exist before a viable project exists. A project sponsor is a knowledgeable person in place of the eventual owner of the product of the project and who is responsible for providing the necessary resources (money, goods, services, and general direction, as appropriate.) A project team is a knowledgeable and qualified group capable and willing to undertake the work of the project. A mutually acceptable assurance is one in which there is agreement on the goals and objectives of the project in terms of the products scope, quality grade, time to completion and final cost. The Tetrad-Tradeoff Principle The core variables of the project management process, namely: product scope, quality grade, time-to-produce and cost-to-complete must all be mutually consistent. The core variables of scope, quality, time and cost are interrelated rather similar to a four-cornered frame with flexible joints. One corner can be anchored and another moved, but not without affecting the other two. The Primary Communication Channel (or Unity-of-Command) Principle A single channel of communication must exist between the project sponsor and the project team leader for all decisions affecting the result of the project. This principle is essential for the effective and efficient administration of the project Commitment. The owner of the eventual product, if represented by more than one Person, must nevertheless speak with one voice. Similarly, at any given time, the projects team must have a single point of responsibility, a project manager, for the work of the project. Such person must have the skills, experience, dedication, commitment, authority and tenacity to lead the project to success. The Cultural Environment (or Suitability) Principle An informed management must provide a helpful cultural environment to enable the Project team to produce its best work. An informed management is one which understands the project management process. A supportive cultural environment is one in which the project is clearly backed by management, and plan team members are enabled to produce their best work without unnecessary bureaucratic hindrance. This rule includes the need for management to ensure that the leadership profile and management style are suited to both the type of project and its phase in the project life-cycle. The Process Principle Effective and efficient policies and procedures must be in place for the conduct of the project commitment. Such policies and procedures must cover, at a minimum, clear roles and responsibilities, delegation of authority, and processes for managing the scope of work, including changes, maintenance of quality, and schedule and cost control. The Life-Cycle Principle Plan first, then do. A successful project management process relies on two activities planning first, and then doing. These two sequential activities form the basis of every project life-cycle, and can be expanded to suit the control requirements of every type of project in every area of project management application. The project life-cycle, characterized by a series of ‘milestones determines when the project starts, the ‘control gates through which it must pass, and when the project is finished. Appraise the viability of projects and develop success/failure criteria Introduction There are a few factors to consider before any actual projects begin. The project developers must contain steps or project phases, most importantly, the original concept must be determined, and so as feasibility study, business plan, risk assessment, public enquiry, permission, organization, planning, design, procurement, fulfillment, test, handover, economic life. Project managers has the task of monitoring projects to be guided into a success, unfortunately, there are some projects that were not completed on time, over budget or being canceled in the process of building it. In general, there are common reasons that are usually found for project failures, these are a few reasons: lack of user involvement, incorrect planning or lack of planning, incomplete requirements, lack of resources, incorrect estimations. According to the 1994 Standish CHAOS statement there are top 10 factors found in successful projects. These factors are listed in Table below Project success factors Project Success Factors % of Responses User Involvement 15.9% Executive Management Support 13.9% Clear Statement of Requirements 13.0% Proper Planning 9.6% Realistic Expectations 8.2% Smaller Project Milestones 7.7% Competent Staff 7.2% Ownership 5.3% Clear Vision and Objectives 2.9% Hard-Working, Focused Staff 2.4% Some factors that contributed to project will be discussed below: User Involvement †¢ One of the key to success in a project is user involvement, without the users involvement, it may cause of failure to the entire project. Even if the project was delivered on time, and on budget, a project has a high rate of failing if the project does not meet users needs. -Executive Management Support †¢ This influences the process and progress of a Project and lack of executive input can put a project at a severe disadvantage. -Clear Statement of Requirements -Proper Planning †¢ Proper planning is one of the most important parts of developing a project, having improper planning of the project may cause a severe disadvantage to the project and result to a failure. -Realistic Expectations †¢ Expectations of the project development outcome must be rational. If expectations in developing a project are not accurate, it may cause to a failure in building the project itself. -Smaller Project Milestones †¢ One of the things to be needed for a complete success of a project is completing smaller project millstones, the small details of a project should not be disregarded for it may result to a minor failure. If these smaller milestones are not being achieved, it may cause a major problem in the completion of the project. -Competent Staff †¢ Staff members play the biggest role in a project development, without the proper knowledge or skill of a staff member may cause a poor outcome to a development of a project. Staff members should be proper trained and have the proper experience before getting involved with the task that they will be handling during the project development. -Ownership -Clear Vision and Objectives -Hard working †¢ Every staff of person that is involved in a project development must be passionate and responsible in achieving objectives. Uncommitted staff members may cause a improper outcome in the building process First of all Figure out what business you are in, and then mind your own business. Figure out what business you are in. Make sure your business is viable. Select projects that are good for your business. Understand the business value in your project and watch for changes. Be diligent in your chosen business, learning and applying best practices. Define what is inside and outside your area of responsibility. 50% of project management is simply paying attention. Understand the customers requirements and put them under version control. Thoroughly understand and document the customers requirements, obtain customer agreement in writing, and put requirements documents under version identification and change control. Requirements management is the leading success factor for systems development projects. Prepare a reasonable plan. Prepare a plan that defines the scope, schedule, cost, and approach for a reasonable project. Involve task owners in developing plans and estimates, to ensure feasibility and buy-in. If your plan is just barely possible at the outset, you do not have a reasonable plan. Use a work breakdown structure to provide coherence and completeness to minimize unplanned work. Build a good team with clear ownership. Get good people and trust them. Establish clear ownership of well-defined tasks; ensure they have tools and training needed; and provide timely feedback. Track against a staffing plan. Emphasize open communications. Create an environment in which team dynamics can gel. Move misfits out. Lead the team. Track project status and give it wide visibility. Track progress and conduct frequent reviews. Provide wide visibility and communications of team progress, assumptions, and issues. Conduct methodical reviews of management and technical topics to help manage customer expectations, improve quality, and identify problems before they get out of hand. Trust your indicators. This is part of paying attention. Use Baseline Controls. Establish baselines for the product using configuration management and for the project using cost and schedule baseline tracking. Manage changes deliberately. Use measurements to baseline problem areas and then track progress quantitatively towards solutions. Write Important Stuff Down, Share it, and Save it. If it hasnt been written down, it didnt happen. Document requirements, plans, procedures, and evolving designs. Documenting thoughts allows them to evolve and improve. Without documentation it is impossible to have baseline controls, reliable communications, or a repeatable process. Record all important agreements and decisions, along with supporting rationale, as they may resurface later. If it hasnt been tested, it doesnt work. If this isnt absolutely true, it is certainly a good working assumption for project work. Develop test cases early to help with understanding and verification of the requirements. Use early testing to verify critical items and reduce technical risks. Testing is a profession; take it seriously. Ensure Customer Satisfaction. Keep the customers real needs and requirements continuously in view. Undetected changes in customer requirements or not focusing the project on the customers business needs are sure paths to project failure. Plan early for adequate customer support products. Be relentlessly pro-active. Take initiative and be relentlessly proactive in applying these principles and identifying and solving problems as they arise. Project problems usually get worse over time. Periodically address project risks and confront them openly. Attack problems, and leave no stone unturned. Fight any tendency to freeze into day-to-day tasks, like a deer caught in the headlights. http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_princ.htm http://www.thelazyprojectmanager.com/

Laertes and Polonius as Foils to Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework Shake

Laertes and Polonius as Foils to Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Foils are the minor characters in a play that aid in developing the more important characters. By using the similarities and differences between two characters, the audience can get a better understanding of that major character. In Hamlet, Shakespeare uses many foils to develop the major characters of his play. Two foils that Shakespeare used to develop Hamlet's character were Laertes and Polonius.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the foils important to the play is Laertes.   Although Laertes does not appear   often in the play, he brings much to the plot and to Hamlet's character. These two are similar in many ways. They both seem to be about the same age, are well educated, and gentleman. One main thing that they have in common is they both are seeking revenge for their father's deaths. Both of their fathers were unnecessarily killed. Hamlet's father was killed by his father's brother for the crown and his wife, and Hamlet killed Laertes' father over mistaken identity. It was the revenge of these two that made up the plot of the story. Because of Laertes, the two could finally fulfill their revenge in the battle at the end that killed both Hamlet and the new king. If Laertes had not challenged Hamlet, the king would have died by some other way; however, the king died by poisoning just as he had killed his brother.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another similarity in the play is the fact that both Laertes and Hamlet died by the poisoned tip of the same sword. Laertes and Hamlet were the last two to die. This completed the circle of everyone that had been directly involved in the disgraceful scandal had died. [SS] The poison killed the King, Queen, Hamlet, and Laertes, Polonius was killed by Ha... ...of the foils Shakespeare used to develop Hamlet's character. The one that did the best in accomplishing this task was Laertes, though. Laertes and Hamlet had a common goal, and if it hadn't been for him[,] the story would have taken a totally different route. Polonius was a good foil in that he convinced everyone that Ophelia was the cause of Hamlet's madness. If he hadn't been Ophelia's father, this part of the story may not have been as effective.    Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations Of Hamlet. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Charney, Maurice. All of Shakespeare. New York, NY. Columbia University Press. 1993. Magill, Frank N. Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The Riverside Shakespeare. ED. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 1974.

History of Computers :: Computers Technology Essays

History of Computers In current society, computers are a staple in our everyday lives. We rely on them for schoolwork, entertainment purposes, and our jobs, as well as other everyday tasks such as checking the weather. The computer industry, as a whole, has grown rapidly over the last few decades, and has permanently woven itself into the lives of people around the world. Each day, progress is made in the technological world which cause great advancements in our communities. The world has witnessed fascinating changes from the first â€Å"general-purpose electronic computer† (Maxfield) up until our current desktop PCs through their cost, size, and efficiency. John William Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert Jr. created the very first â€Å"general-purpose electronic computer† (Maxfield). The machine was known as the ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer), and was built from 1943 to 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. This computer was colossal in size, weighing in at 30 tons, standing 10 feet tall, and using up about 1,000 square feet of the floor it rested upon. It was primarily made up of vacuum tubes (about 18,000) which used up a great deal of power. The machine used approximately â€Å"150 kilowatts of power, which was enough to light a small town.† (Maxfield). A significant amount of time was spent fixing or replacing the unreliable vacuum tubes, which burnt out daily. There were about 50 tubes per day which needed to be replaced. In later years, it was imperative for Mauchly and Eckert to replace these tubes with a more reliable source of power. A more efficient computer was proposed by the duo in late 1944, referred to as EDVAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer). This new machine had 4,000 vacuum tubes (as compared to its predecessor that had 18,000) and 10,000 crystal diodes which allowed the computer to be without errors for up to 8 hours at a time. EDVAC was considered â€Å"the first storage program computer† (Parker) and had 32 words of memory. This machine was fully set up and operating at Manchester University by mid 1948. Soon after the personal computer became a key focus for many computer companies. In 1957, IBM created the first personal computer, but unfortunately, this machine was not practical for the consumer market, with an outlandish price or $55,000. Farther down the road, in 1973, Scelbi Computer Consulting Company released the Scelbi-8H microcomputer which was $565 and came with one kilobyte of RAM.

Indian Schools

Native American Assimilation into Western Culture Throughout the 1800s and the early 1900s, the American government attempted to assimilate Native American children into the Western culture, with all the best intentions (Marr Intro). Through primary and secondary sources, we learn how this was done and the mistakes they made in doing it. Primary sources, which are documents or other sources of information created at or near the time an event occurred, are an essential part in understanding history.There are many primary sources in the essay â€Å"Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest† by Carolyn J. Marr including: photographs, transcripts, journal entries, and government documents. The use of photographs has many advantages and disadvantages. Photographs are fairly accurate in describing an event. It gives the reader plenty of evidence and a feel for how the subjects were feeling during the event by showing emotions or facial expressi ons that could not be expressed through written word.On the other hand, they could be very biased as to show the harshest or best conditions possible. A photo is just a brief snapshot of a moment in time, and does not illustrate a whole event that a diary or journal might tell. Also, a photographer may be biased towards their own personal views, age, religion, social, economic, or political background; all of which may influence what he or she will or won’t photograph. Lastly, it is also not always clear where a photo was taken, why, and by whom. Secondary sources prove to serve a very important role in interpreting history.They include documents, books, or articles, through interpretations by historians. Some books and documents used in Marr’s essay are: Carey C. Collins’ â€Å"Oregon's Carlisle: Teaching ‘America? at Chemawa Indian School†, Carey C. Collins’ â€Å"Through the Lens of Assimilation: Edwin L. Chalcraft and Chemawa Indian Scho ol†, and Michael C. Coleman’s American Indian Children at School. These sources explain the government’s efforts to assimilate (the act of becoming part of something) Indians, particularly children, into the melting pot of American society. This took place from the 1800s through the 1920s (Marr Intro).I believe it was necessary for the government to attempt to introduce Indians into the American culture, but I do not believe they did it correctly. Greatening education, broadening religious and cultural views, and creating strong bonds between other students were some of the advantages of this movement. Kids also received running water, electricity, decent food and clean clothes. Unfortunately, the evil done greatly outweighed the good. They stole children away from their parents and it was done so rapidly, it didn’t allow Indians to try and move themselves and their children into western culture.Taking away their free will, tearing them away from their par ents, offering poor diets, overcrowding schools, poor medical attention, and excessive forced labor by the students proved to be some of the mistakes made by the government’s push into the â€Å"American† culture (Marr Part V). The institutions stressed work-related training to benefit the institution rather than the children, similar to slavery. It allowed the institutions to spend less by forcing free labor onto the children in fields such as: farming, cooking, cleaning, blacksmithing, carpentry, etc. Marr Part IV). This reduced the hired work required to run the large institutions. This type program allowed the students to learn trade one needs to survive, but for those who had ambitions to become something more, the institution would not allow it (Marr Part IV). In closing, Native American culture was attacked by our government in an attempt to better their lives. Unfortunately, they provided an atmosphere of slavery and oppression in the most literal interpretatio n of the words. Works Cited Collins, Carey C. â€Å"Oregon's Carlisle: Teaching ‘America? t Chemawa Indian School,† Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History, Tacoma: Washington State Historical Society, Summer 1998. Collins, Carey C. â€Å"Through the Lens of Assimilation: Edwin L. Chalcraft and Chemawa Indian School,† Oregon Historical Quarterly v. 98, no. 14 (Winter 1997-98): 390-425. Coleman, Michael C. American Indian Children at School, 1950-1930. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993. Marr, Carolyn J. â€Å"Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest. † UW Libraries Digital Collections. Web. 09 Sept. 2010. .

Ways to make learning a fun experience in school

East is east and west is west. Never the twain shall meet' said Rudyard Kipling. ‘Learning is learning and fun is fun. Never the twain shall meet' said a student. It is time to make that possible now. It is time to end the era in which children hated school. It is time to get rid of the old teaching techniques and keep in pace with modern day technology. It is time to stop using the chalk on the board and make a change in the lives of the generations to come. We are making progress. India in the 1 lth century had schooling in gurukuls.Young boys were taught archery and sword fighting skills. Children used to sit under trees with their slates and chalks and practice sums. Today, we belong to a digital generation that demands innovative methods of absorbing information. Scope in this field is tremendous. Over the years, schools have moved from black boards to smart boards, from typewriters to computers and from a rigid education system to a spontaneous fun experience of school. T he oxford dictionary defines fun as ‘light amusement' but every individual has his own definition of fun.We always find it funny when a child remembers the xact dialogues of the latest film but finds it difficult to answer the questions from their history text book. So to create and exciting atmosphere, the interest of a child is crucial. Audio-video and movies with children's favorite stars help in absorbing the required knowledge. Recorded food preparation television shows and scenes from famous plays can be shown. Colorful pictorials and animations speak louder than a thousand words. Learning in groups with friends also reinforces many facts. Occasional challenges like quizzes and spelling bees help in building an attitude f or many students.Practicals are very beneficial. It would be great to have a multi touch technology where a science student could perform a surgery or an electronics student could assemble and disassemble a computer or a car on the I-pad. User friendly applications would help art students practice their paintings on the smart board before actually starting on a canvas. Online interaction is fun where social studies are concerned. E-program software can be used to exchange knowledge of cultures over the globe. Software should be made in the form of stories with songs as it reinforces important points in the minds of children.Students spend countless hours on social networking sites. These sites can be used for group discussions if the students are too shy to open up in class. Teachers should be provided suitable platforms to host classroom online communities. Project ideas can be shared and there is a teacher and student collaboration. The classroom should be extended beyond the four walls. Projects give need for individual research which pushes students and gives them reason to learn more about their subject. A lot of new ideas and creative inventions are needed for transforming the traditional classroom with ophisticated teaching tools.Visiting destinations of projects is very realistic and enriching. Project tours can be conducted if required, thus increasing the examples and applications of these technologies are growing exponentially. These are the solutions to meet the needs of the 21st century learning environment. Such an exciting environment is a must for an enhanced schooling experience. We do not know for sure where these technologies are taking us but indeed students are finding good strong results. Through everyday explorations like these in the classroom, we are building steps towards the future..

Plato and the Allegory of the Cave Essay

The son of a wealthy and noble family, Plato (427-347 B.C.) was preparing for a career in politics when the trial and eventual execution of Socrates (399 B.C.) changed the course of his life. He abandoned his political career and turned to philosophy, opening a school on the outskirts of Athens dedicated to the Socratic search for wisdom. Plato’s school, then known as the Academy, was the first university in western history and operated from 387 B.C. until A.D. 529, when it was closed by Justinian. Unlike his mentor Socrates, Plato was both a writer and a teacher. His writings are in the form of dialogues, with Socrates as the principal speaker. In the Allegory of the Cave, Plato described symbolically the predicament in which mankind finds itself and proposes a way of salvation. The Allegory presents, in brief form, most of Plato’s major philosophical assumptions: his belief that the world revealed by our senses is not the real world but only a poor copy of it, and that the real world can only be apprehended intellectually; his idea that knowledge cannot be transferred from teacher to student, but rather that education consists in directing student’s minds toward what is real and important and allowing them to apprehend it for themselves; his faith that the universe ultimately is good; his conviction that enlightened individuals have an obligation to the rest of society, and that a good society must be one in which the truly wise (the Philosopher-King) are the ru lers. The Allegory of the Cave can be found in Book VII of Plato’s best-known work, The Republic, a lengthy dialogue on the nature of justice. Often regarded as a utopian blueprint, The Republic is dedicated toward a discussion of the education required of a Philosopher-King. The following selection is taken from the Benjamin Jowett translation (Vintage, 1991), pp. 253-261. As you read the Allegory, try to make a mental picture of the cave Plato describes. Better yet, why not draw a picture of it and refer to it as you read the selection. In many ways, understanding Plato’s Allegory of the Cave will make your foray into the world of philosophical thought much less burdensome. * * * * * * [Socrates] And now, I said, let me show in a figure how far our nature is enlightened or unenlightened: –Behold! human beings living in a underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all along the cave; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets. [Glaucon] I see. [Socrates] And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? Some of them are talking, others silent. [Glaucon] You have shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners. [Socrates] Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? [Glaucon] True, he said; how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? [Socrates] And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would only see the shadows? [Glaucon] Yes, he said. [Socrates] And if they were able to converse with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them? [Glaucon] Very true. [Socrates] And suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure to fancy when one of the passers-by spoke that the voice which they heard came from the passing shadow? [Glaucon] No question, he replied. [Socrates] To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images. [Glaucon] That is certain. [Socrates] And now look again, and see what will naturally follow if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the light, he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows; and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he saw before was an illusion, but that now, when he is approaching nearer to being and his eye is turned towards more real existence, he has a clearer vision, -what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, -will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him? [Glaucon] Far truer. [Socrates] And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away to take and take in the objects of vision which he can see, and which he will conceive to be in reality clearer than the things which are now being shown to him? [Glaucon] True, he now. [Socrates] And suppose once more, that he is reluctantly dragged up a steep and rugged ascent, and held fast until he ‘s forced into the presence of the sun himself, is he not likely to be pained and irritated? When he approaches the light his eyes will be dazzled, and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities. [Glaucon] Not all in a moment, he said. [Socrates] He will require to grow accustomed to the sight of the upper world. And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves; then he will gaze upon the light of the moon and the stars and the spangled heaven; and he will see the sky and the stars by night better than the sun or the light of the sun by day? [Glaucon] Certainly. [Socrates] Last of he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not in another; and he will contemplate him as he is. [Glaucon] Certainly. [Socrates] He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and his fellows have been accustomed to behold? [Glaucon] Clearly, he said, he would first see the sun and then reason about him. [Socrates] And when he remembered his old habitation, and the wisdom of the cave and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the change, and pity them? [Glaucon] Certainly, he would. [Socrates] And if they were in the habit of conferring honors among themselves on those who were quickest to observe the passing shadows and to remark which of them went before, and which followed after, and which were together; and who were therefore best able to draw conclusions as to the future, do you think that he would care for such honors and glories, or envy the possessors of them? Would he not say with Homer, Better to be the poor servant of a poor master, and to endure anything, rather than think as they do and live after their manner? [Glaucon] Yes, he said, I think that he would rather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserable manner. [Socrates] Imagine once more, I said, such an one coming suddenly out of the sun to be replaced in his old situation; would he not be certain to have his eyes full of darkness? [Glaucon] To be sure, he said. [Socrates] And if there were a contest, and he had to compete in measuring the shadows with the prisoners who had never moved out of the cave, while his sight was still weak, and before his eyes had become steady (and the time which would be needed to acquire this new habit of sight might be very considerable) would he not be ridiculous? Men would say of him that up he went and down he came without his eyes; and that it was better not even to think of ascending; and if any one tried to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch the offender, and they would put him to death. [Glaucon] No question, he said. [Socrates] This entire allegory, I said, you may now append, dear Glaucon, to the previous argument; the prison-house is the world of sight, the light of the fire is the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upwards to be the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world according to my poor belief, which, at your desire, I have expressed whether rightly or wrongly God knows. But, whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort; and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal author of all things beautiful and right, parent of light and of the lord of light in this visible world, and the immediate source of reason and truth in the intellectual; and that this is the power upon which he who would act rationally, either in public or private life must have his eye fixed. [Glaucon] I agree, he said, as far as I am able to understand you. [Socrates] Moreover, I said, you must not wonder that those who attain to this beatific vision are unwilling to descend to human affairs; for their souls are ever hastening into the upper world where they desire to dwell; which desire of theirs is very natural, if our allegory may be trusted. [Glaucon] Yes, very natural. [Socrates] And is there anything surprising in one who passes from divine contemplations to the evil state of man, misbehaving himself in a ridiculous manner; if, while his eyes are blinking and before he has become accustomed to the surrounding darkness, he is compelled to fight in courts of law, or in other places, about the images or the shadows of images of justice, and is endeavoring to meet the conceptions of those who have never yet seen absolute justice? [Glaucon] Anything but surprising, he replied. [Socrates] Any one who has common sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the mind’s eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye; and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be too ready to laugh; he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter light, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkness to the day is dazzled by excess of light. And he will count the one happy in his condition and state of being, and he will pity the other; or, if he have a mind to laugh at the soul which comes from below into the light, there will be more reason in this than in the laugh which greets him who returns from above out of the light into the cave. [Glaucon] That, he said, is a very just distinction. [Socrates] But then, if I am right, certain professors of education must be wrong when they say that they can put a knowledge into the soul which was not there before, like sight into blind eyes. [Glaucon] They undoubtedly say this, he replied. [Socrates] Whereas, our argument shows that the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already; and that just as the eye was unable to turn from darkness to light without the whole body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being, and learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, or in other words, of the good. [Glaucon] Very true. [Socrates] And must there not be some art which will effect conversion in the easiest and quickest manner; not implanting the faculty of sight, for that exists already, but has been turned in the wrong direction, and is looking away from the truth? [Glaucon] Yes, he said, such an art may be presumed. [Socrates] And whereas the other so-called virtues of the soul seem to be akin to bodily qualities, for even when they are not originally innate they can be implanted later by habit and exercise, the of wisdom more than anything else contains a divine element which always remains, and by this conversion is rendered useful and profitable; or, on the other hand, hurtful and useless. Did you never observe the narrow intelligence flashing from the keen eye of a clever rogue –how eager he is, how clearly his paltry soul sees the way to his end; he is the reverse of blind, but his keen eyesight is forced into the service of evil, and he is mischievous in proportion to his cleverness. [Glaucon] Very true, he said. [Socrates] But what if there had been a circumcision of such natures in the days of their youth; and they had been severed from those sensual pleasures, such as eating and drinking, which, like leaden weights, were attached to them at their birth, and which drag them down and turn the vision of their souls upon the things that are below –if, I say, they had been released from these impediments and turned in the opposite direction, the very same faculty in them would have seen the truth as keenly as they see what their eyes are turned to now. [Glaucon] Very likely. [Socrates] Yes, I said; and there is another thing which is likely. or rather a necessary inference from what has preceded, that neither the uneducated and uninformed of the truth, nor yet those who never make an end of their education, will be able ministers of State; not the former, because they have no single aim of duty which is the rule of all their actions, private as well as public; nor the latter, because they will not act at all except upon compulsion, fancying that they are already dwelling apart in the islands of the blest. [Glaucon] Very true, he replied. [Socrates] Then, I said, the business of us who are the founders of the State will be to compel the best minds to attain that knowledge which we have already shown to be the greatest of all-they must continue to ascend until they arrive at the good; but when they have ascended and seen enough we must not allow them to do as they do now. [Glaucon] What do you mean? [Socrates] I mean that they remain in the upper world: but this must not be allowed; they must be made to descend again among the prisoners in the cave, and partake of their labors and honors, whether they are worth having or not. [Glaucon] But is not this unjust? he said; ought we to give them a worse life, when they might have a better? [Socrates] You have again forgotten, my friend, I said, the intention of the legislator, who did not aim at making any one class in the State happy above the rest; the happiness was to be in the whole State, and he held the citizens together by persuasion and necessity, making them benefactors of the State, and therefore benefactors of one another; to this end he created them, not to please themselves, but to be his instruments in binding up the State. [Glaucon] True, he said, I had forgotten. [Socrates] Observe, Glaucon, that there will be no injustice in compelling our philosophers to have a care and providence of others; we shall explain to them that in other States, men of their class are not obliged to share in the toils of politics: and this is reasonable, for they grow up at their own sweet will, and the government would rather not have them. Being self-taught, they cannot be expected to show any gratitude for a culture which they have never received. But we have brought you into the world to be rulers of the hive, kings of yourselves and of the other citizens, and have educated you far better and more perfectly than they have been educated, and you are better able to share in the double duty. Wherefore each of you, when his turn comes, must go down to the general underground abode, and get the habit of seeing in the dark. When you have acquired the habit, you will see ten thousand times better than the inhabitants of the cave, and you will know what the several images are, and what they represent, because you have seen the beautiful and just and good in their truth. And thus our State which is also yours will be a reality, and not a dream only, and will be administered in a spirit unlike that of other States, in which men fight with one another about shadows only and are distracted in the struggle for power, which in their eyes is a great good. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant to govern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst. [Glaucon] Quite true, he replied. [Socrates] And will our pupils, when they hear this, refuse to take their turn at the toils of State, when they are allowed to spend the greater part of their time with one another in the heavenly light? [Glaucon] Impossible, he answered; for they are just men, and the commands which we impose upon them are just; there can be no doubt that every one of them will take office as a stern necessity, and not after the fashion of our present rulers of State. [Socrates] Yes, my friend, I said; and there lies the point. You must contrive for your future rulers another and a better life than that of a ruler, and then you may have a well-ordered State; for only in the State which offers this, will they rule who are truly rich, not in silver and gold, but in virtue and wisdom, which are the true blessings of life. Whereas if they go to the administration of public affairs, poor and hungering after the’ own private advantage, thinking that hence they are to snatch the chief good, order there can never be; for they will be fighting about office, and the civil and domestic broils which thus arise will be the ruin of the rulers themselves and of the whole State. [Glaucon] Most true, he replied. [Socrates] And the only life which looks down upon the life of political ambition is that of true philosophy. Do you know of any other? [Glaucon] Indeed, I do not, he said. [Socrates] And those who govern ought not to be lovers of the task? For, if they are, there will be rival lovers, and they will fight. [Glaucon] No question. [Socrates] Who then are those whom we shall compel to be guardians? Surely they will be the men who are wisest about affairs of State, and by whom the State is best administered, and who at the same time have other honors and another and a better life than that of politics? [Glaucon] They are the men, and I will choose them, he replied. [Socrates] And now shall we consider in what way such guardians will be produced, and how they are to be brought from darkness to light, — as some are said to have ascended from the world below to the gods? [Glaucon] By all means, he replied. [Socrates] The process, I said, is not the turning over of an oyster-shell, but the turning round of a soul passing from a day which is little better than night to the true day of being, that is, the ascent from below, which we affirm to be true philosophy? [Glaucon] Quite so.